Spondylolisthesis

• Forward displacement of one vertebra over the vertebra below.

• It may cause:

  • Lower back pain

  • Weakness

  • Numbness in the legs

• Possible causes:

  • Degeneration

  • Injuries

  • Congenital abnormalities

  • Trauma

Scoliosis

• Abnormal curvature of the spine in a “C” or “S” shape.

• It may cause:

  • Postural imbalances

  • Asymmetry of the shoulders, hips, or shoulder blades

Types of Scoliosis

• Adults

  • Associated with the natural wear and tear of the spine.

  • Lower back pain is the predominant symptom.

  • More complex curves.

• Adolescents

  • Common during puberty.

  • Higher incidence in girls.

  • May be idiopathic (unknown cause).

  • May cause aesthetic, functional, and respiratory problems in severe cases.

• Children

  • Caused by improper formation of the vertebrae before birth.

  • Often diagnosed after the age of 11 and may worsen during growth.